VERTIGOOOOOOOOOOOO

What is Vertigo?

Vertigo is the feeling that you or your environment is moving or spinning. It differs from dizziness in that vertigo describes an illusion of movement. When you feel as if you yourself are moving, it's called subjective vertigo, and the perception that your surroundings are moving is called objective vertigo.

Symptoms:

• Nausea or vomiting
• Sweating
• Abnormal eye movements

Causes:

The vertigo can be caused by a problem with the balance mechanisms of the inner ear, a problem with the brain, or a problem with the nerves that connect the brain to the middle ear.

Labyrinthitis

Inflammation of the labyrinth, a system of canals and cavities within the inner ear which gives us our sense of balance.

Vestibular neuritis

The vestibule is in the inner ear. The vestibule and the semicircular canals work with the brain to control balance. Vestibular neuritis is inflammation of the vestibular nerve (the nerve running to the vestibule).

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)

The vestibular labyrinth, inside the ear, includes semicircular canals (loop-shaped structures) that contain fluid and tiny hair-like sensors that monitor the rotation of the head. The otolith organs, also in the ear, monitor movements of the head and its position. There are crystals in the otolith organs that make us sensitive to movement. Sometimes, when the patient is lying down, these crystals can become dislodged and move into one of the semicircular canals, making it sensitive to head position changes - something it would not normally do. This unusual response to head movements by the semicircular canal can give patients vertigo symptoms.

Meniere's disease

Dysfunction of the semi-circular canals (endolymphatic sac) in the inner ear.

Head injury

Some patients can develop vertigo after a head injury

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Migraine

Usually characterized by periodic headaches and some vision problems, such as seeing stars (as if someone had quickly flashed a strong light in your eyes). Some migraine patients also experience dizziness and vertigo. In fact, for some migraine patients, vertigo can eventually become the only symptom.

Dehydration

Dehydration may lead to feelings of lightheadedness, dizziness, and/or vertigo, especially when changing positions. This symptom is due to a drop in blood pressure.

Boat, airplane, car travel (motion sickness)

Some people experience vertigo during and/or after a plane, boat, or even a car trip. This may last from a few minutes, hours to a couple of days.

Earthquakes

Some people who have been in a strong earthquake can suddenly feel that the firm ground around them moves long after the earthquake is over. This sudden sensation can occur on-and-off over a number of days, and sometimes weeks.

Treatments:

Treatments depend on the causes of the vertigo.

Treatment for Labyrinthitis

In most cases, labyrinthitis resolves itself without any treatment. If it is caused by a bacterial infection the doctor may prescribe antibiotics.
If symptoms are severe and the patient has suffered hearing loss from one ear the doctor may perform a labyrinthectomy - surgical removal of the vestibular labyrinth. After the operation the other ear will take over the patient's hearing and balance. A labyrinthectomy results in total hearing loss of the affected ear; therefore it is only performed if that ear has already suffered serious hearing loss.

Treatment for Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)

Canalith repositioning procedure - the doctor, audiologist or physical therapist may treat the patient with a series of movements. These consist of several simple and slow maneuvers for positioning the patient's head. The aim is to move particles from the fluid in the semicircular canals of the inner ear into a vestibule (small bag like open area) where the otolith organs are - if the particles can be moved there they won't cause any problems and are more easily absorbed.
Each head position is held for about 30 seconds after vertigo symptoms or abnormal eye movements stop. The patient must avoid lying flat or placing the affected ear below shoulder level for a specified period after treatment - usually about a week, but this may vary. This will mean propping the head up with some pillows while sleeping so that it is higher than the rest of the body.
If the canalith repositioning procedure does not work there is the option of surgery. A bone plug is used to block the portion of the inner ear that causes the dizziness.

Treatment for Meniere's disease

There is no cure for Meniere's Disease; however there is treatment for the symptoms

Group members:

1. Nik Areena
2. Alya
3. Khairunisa
   

Vertigo

What is Vertigo? Vertigo is the feeling that you or your environment is moving or spinning. As if you feel like your flying or about to fall. It differs from dizziness in that vertigo describes an illusion of movement. When you feel as if you yourself are moving, it's called subjective vertigo, and the perception that your surroundings are moving is called objective vertigo.

There are three types of general medical disease topics related to Vertigo, which are:

1. Balance disorders
2. Brain conditions
3. Ear conditions

Problems in the brain or the inner ear can cause vertigo.

• Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common form of vertigo and is characterized by the sensation of motion initiated by sudden head movements or moving the head in a certain direction. This type of vertigo can be easily treated because it is rarely serious.

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)

• Vertigo may also be caused by inflammation within the inner ear (labyrinthitis), which is characterized by the sudden onset of vertigo and may be associated with hearing loss. The most common cause of labyrinthitis is a viral or bacterial infection in the ear.
• Meniere's disease is composed of a triad of symptoms: episodes of vertigo, ringing in the ears, and hearing loss. People have the abrupt onset of severe vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, as well as periods in which they are symptom-free.
• Acoustic neuroma is a type of tumor that can cause vertigo. Symptoms include vertigo with one-sided ringing in the ear and hearing loss.
• Vertigo can be caused by decreased blood flow to the base of the brain. Bleeding into the back of the brain (cerebellar hemorrhage) is characterized by vertigo, headache, difficulty walking, and inability to look toward the side of the bleed. The result is that the person's eyes gaze away from the side with the problem. Walking is also extremely impaired.
• Vertigo is often the presenting symptom in multiple sclerosis. The onset is usually abrupt, and examination of the eyes may reveal the inability of the eyes to move past the mid-line toward the nose.
• Head trauma and neck injury may also result in vertigo, which usually goes away on its own.
  

Vertigo is a very common symptom. Even celebrities like Janet Jackson have vertigo. Other than that, one of our group member's mothers has Vertigo, too. It is not something serious, but it can be. One should always take precaution when one has it.

If anyone who needs help with vertigo, they could refer to a book called The Consumer Handbook on Dizziness and Vertigo

Thank you.


Group members:

1. Renia
2. Namirah
3. Nadiah KA

Dyslexia - Aini, Noddy and Fatihah

Peter is a little boy. He works so hard at reading, but it just never gets easier. He knows he's smart so why can't he read like the other kids? Peter has a problem called dyslexia.

Dyslexia (pronounced: dis-lek-see-uh) is a learning problem that some kids have. Dyslexia is a reading and spelling disorder. The problem is inside the brain, but it doesn't mean the person is dumb. Plenty of smart and talented people struggle with dyslexia. Among some of those famous people who have dyslexia are,

· Walt Disney, founder of Disneyland, cartoonist

· Thomas Edison, inventor

· Leonardo Da Vinci, Renaissance artist

· Orlando Bloom, actor

· Tom Cruise, actor

· Richard Branson, English Entrepreneur, founder of Virgin brand

This proves that dyslexia doesn't have to keep a kid down. With some help and a lot of hard work, a kid who has dyslexia can learn to read and spell.

The most common childhood dyslexia symptoms are when a child:

• Reverses letter sequences (soiled/solid, left/felt)
• Avoids reading aloud
• Trouble with word problems
• Difficulty with handwriting
• Awkward, fist-like, or tight pencil grip
• Slow or poor recall of facts
• Difficulty making friends
• Delay in learning tasks such as tying shoes & telling time
• Inattentiveness; distractibility
• Inability to follow directions
• Left-right confusion
• Difficulty learning the alphabet, times tables, words of songs or rhymes
• Poor playground skills
• Difficulty learning to read
• Mixing the order of letters or numbers while reading or writing

How Does Reading Happen?

To understand dyslexia, it helps to understand reading. Reading is a real workout for your brain. You need to do the following steps — and all at once:

1. Understand the way speech sounds make up words.
2. Focus on printed marks (letters and words).
3. Connect speech sounds to letters.
4. Blend letter sounds smoothly into words.
5. Control eye movements across the page.
6. Build images and ideas.
7. Compare new ideas with what is already known.
8. Store the ideas in memory.

Phew! Kids who have dyslexia struggle with the beginning steps, so that makes doing the rest of the steps even harder. It's no surprise, then, that trying to read and dealing with dyslexia makes a kid's brain really tired, really fast.

How Kids Become Readers

Most kids start learning to read by learning how speech sounds make up words. Then they connect those sounds to alphabet letters. For example, they learn that the letter "b" makes a "buh" sound.

Then kids learn to blend those sounds into words. They learn that "b" and "at" makes "bat." Eventually, most kids don't have to sound words out and can instantly recognize words they've seen many times before.

But it's tougher for kids who have dyslexia. They may struggle to remember simple words they have seen many times and to sound out longer words. Why is it so hard?

Dyslexia means that a person's brain has trouble processing letters and sounds. That makes it tough to break words into separate speech sounds, like b-a-t for bat. When it's hard to do that, it's really hard to connect speech sounds to different letters, like "buh" for b, and blend them into words.

So, a kid who has dyslexia will read slowly and might make a lot of mistakes. Sometimes he or she will mix up letters in a word, such as reading the word "was" as "saw." Words may blend together wrong and look like this:

Making Reading Easier

Most kids with dyslexia can learn to read with the right kind of teaching. They might learn new ways for remembering sounds. For example, "p" and "b" are called brother sounds because they're both "lip poppers." You have to press your lips together to make the sound.

Thinking about the way the mouth needs to move to make sounds can help kids read more easily. Learning specialists know lots of special activities like this to teach reading to kids who have dyslexia.

Kids with dyslexia also might use flash cards or tape classroom lessons and homework assignments instead of taking notes about them. They may need parents and tutors to help them stay caught up.

How Do Kids With Dyslexia Feel?

Kids who have dyslexia might get frustrated, ang

ry, or sad because reading and spelling are so hard. They may not like being in a different reading group than their friends or having to see a special reading tutor.

But getting this help is so important and will help them go on to do great things in life. Some of the most creative and successful people have dyslexia, but it didn't stop them from chasing their dreams and becoming successful in what they have achieved.